The Artistry and Craftsmanship Behind the Sanhu’s Unique Sound.
The Sanhu (三胡), a unique Chinese musical instrument, was developed in the 1970s based on the traditional Erhu (二胡). It is characterized by its bright, rich timbre and strong expressive capabilities. The Sanhu is versatile, suitable for solo and ensemble performances, instrumental combinations, and as accompaniment for songs and dances. The instrument’s body varies in shape, including octagonal, hexagonal, and double-barreled forms.
Historical Origins
Tracing its roots to the Yi ethnic group‘s adaptation of the Xiqin-type string instruments, the Sanhu’s development was influenced by the cultural exchange among ethnic groups in China during the Qing Dynasty. Renowned Chinese musicologist Professor Yang Yindi (楊蔭瀏) in his “Draft History of Ancient Chinese Music (中國古代音樂史稿)” mentions that the Sanhu likely originated in the late Qing Dynasty, evolving from the Han bamboo-tubed Erhu.
Design and Evolution
The 1970s model of the Sanhu was aesthetically pleasing with three screw-in string pegs on the neck and an oval rod design for the neck for better playability and strength. The soundbox was a flat octagon covered with robust python skin, and the strings were arranged in a stepped fashion. This model combined the tonal qualities of the Erhu and Zhonghu, enabling it to play both melodies and chords.
In the late 1970s, a new model emerged with a hexagonal soundbox, larger than the Erhu and covered with thicker python skin. The neck was designed to concave inward near the soundbox, and the strings were tuned to create a rich, soft tone, enhancing the instrument’s expressiveness.
The 1980s saw the introduction of the dual-barreled Sanhu, featuring an inner and an outer barrel with distinct shapes for a louder resonance and rich harmonic effects. The double-haired bow used in this model contributed to the traditional Erhu sound combined with enhanced volume and expressiveness.
Playing the Sanhu
The Sanhu is a central instrument in the Yi ethnic group, especially in the folk dance “Axi Tiaoyue,” prevalent in Yunnan. Made with a wooden soundbox and a bamboo neck, the Sanhu’s unique double horsehair-strand bow allows for simultaneous playing of multiple strings, producing a rich and unique sound. The playing technique involves tying the instrument to the chest, with the soundbox at the waist, and using distinct bowing and fingering methods.
Cultural Significance
The Sanhu is integral to the Yi Torch Festival and the traditional dance “Axi Tiaoyue.” It is particularly favored for its volume and expressive depth, playing a significant role in personal enjoyment and romantic expressions among the Yi people. The instrument is also commonly used in ensemble performances with other Yi instruments.
Instrument Structure
Similar in structure to the Zhonghu but larger, the Sanhu comprises the soundbox, neck, string pegs, bridge, strings, and bow. Handcrafted with local materials, the instrument varies in size and design. The soundbox, made of bamboo or wood, is covered with various skins, while the cylindrical neck and head are crafted from different types of bamboo or wood. The instrument’s design reflects the artisanal skills and local traditions of its makers.
Source: Baike Baidu
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